FIDIC 工程师的计量-估价-付款职责链:红皮书 12.1/12.2/12.3/14.1 与 2017 版差异
是,且是核心职责。FIDIC 红皮书为重新计量(re-measurement)合同:合同价格不是签约时 BOQ 加总,而是工程师按实测量×适用费率经 3.5/3.7 商定或决定程序"同意或确定"(1999 版 14.1 原文 agreed or determined under Sub-Clause 12.3;2017 版 14.1 改为 the value of the Works per 12.3 [Valuation of the Works])。费率顺位:合同约定费率→类似工作费率→新费率(从合同相关费率合理调整导出;无相关费率按合理成本 Cost+合理利润推导)。2017 版 12.3 增设可量化触发线:清单实测数量变化超 10% 等情形才可另定新费率;费率未商定前工程师须先定 provisional rate 供期中支付。
适用依据
- FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction, 1st Edition 1999(红皮书)Sub-Clause 3.2/3.5/12.1/12.2/12.3/14.1/14.6/14.7/14.13
- FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction, 2nd Edition 2017(红皮书)Sub-Clause 3.1/3.7/12.2/12.3/14.1
- FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build, 1st Edition 1999(黄皮书)Sub-Clause 3.1
- FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build, 2nd Edition 2017(黄皮书)Sub-Clause 3.1(Ben Beaumont Commentary)
主题定位
FIDIC 红皮书(施工合同条件)与黄皮书(生产设备和设计-建造合同条件)中,工程师在「计量→计价→估价→确定合同价格→付款证书」链条上的职责与权限边界。回答"计量、计价、估价、确定合同价格是否工程师职责",给出条文依据、费率顺位与 2017 版关键差异。除注明外均指 1999 年第一版红皮书原文。
核心结论
1. 职责归属:计量、估价、确定合同价格均是工程师的核心职责,构成 FIDIC 价格机制中枢。红皮书是重新计量合同——合同价格非签约时 BOQ 加总,而是按实测量×适用费率由工程师算出的数。1999 红皮书 14.1:"the Contract Price shall be agreed or determined under Sub-Clause 12.3 [Evaluation] and be subject to adjustments in accordance with the Contract";2017 版 14.1:"the Contract Price shall be the value of the Works in accordance with Sub-Clause 12.3 [Valuation of the Works] and be subject to adjustments, additions... and/or deductions"。
2. 计量(12.1 Works to be Measured):"The Works shall be measured, and valued for payment, in accordance with this Clause. Whenever the Engineer requires any part of the Works to be measured, reasonable notice shall be given to the Contractor's Representative"——计量由工程师发起,须给承包商代表合理通知、双方到场,按工程师记录为准。计价方法(12.2)与工程量清单(BOQ)或其他适用表一致;2017 版计量规则明示松散系数/收缩/损耗问题:"allowance shall be made for bulking, shrinkage or waste"(损耗等已含于相应费率,不另计量)。
3. 估价(12.3 Evaluation,1999):"the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [Determinations] to agree or determine the Contract Price by evaluating each item of work, applying the measurement... and the appropriate rate or price for the item. For each item of work, the appropriate rate or price shall be the rate or price specified for such item in the Contract or, if there is no such item, specified for similar work."——即"同意或确定"合同价格走 3.5 商定或决定程序,非工程师单方定价。费率顺位:①合同对该项约定的费率 → ②无该项时用类似工作费率 → ③新费率:先从合同相关费率"with reasonable adjustments"导出;无相关费率时"derived from the reasonable Cost of executing the work, together with reasonable profit"。费率商定前,工程师须先定 provisional rate or price 供期中支付(保证承包商现金流,事后多退少补)。
4. 2017 版 12.3 可量化触发线:仅下列情形另定新费率:(a) 清单/其他表未列项且无费率、与原合同项不相似或施工条件不同;(b)(i) "the measured quantity of the item is changed by more than 10% from the quantity of this item in the Bill of Quantities or other Schedule"(实测数量较清单变化超 10%);清单已列但无费率项"shall be deemed to be included in other rates and prices"(视为已含于其他项费率)。
5. 付款证书链:14.6 期中付款证书——工程师收到报表及证明文件后 28 天内签发,载明其公正确定的应付金额;14.7 付款时限——预付款在收到中标函后 42 天内或收到履约担保/预付款担保文件后 21 天内(较晚者),期中付款证书金额在工程师收到报表后 56 天内支付,最终付款证书金额亦 56 天内;14.13 最终付款证书——收到最终报表与结清证书后 28 天内签发。付款证书不视为工程师对工程的认可("A Payment Certificate shall not be deemed to indicate the Engineer's acceptance, approval, consent or satisfaction")。
6. 权限边界(3.1/3.2/3.7):工程师由业主委任、费用由业主承担;1999 版 3.1 "The Engineer shall have no authority to amend the Contract"(无权修改合同),仅在合同明示或必然隐含的权限内行事,特定权限行使前可能需先获业主批准;工程师任何批准、检查、证书、同意、指示、检验等(含未表示异议)"shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility"(不免除承包商任何合同责任),也无权解除任一方义务。2017 版改革:3.1 改为工程师被授予合同项下行使其职责所必需的一切权限("vested with all the authority necessary to act as the Engineer"),如为法人须委任具备资质的自然人代表行事并通晓合同主导语言;商定/决定改由 3.7 Agreement or Determination 管辖,工程师履行该条职责时"shall act neutrally between the Parties"、"shall not be deemed to act for the Employer",且不得将 3.7 项下职责委托给工程师代表或助理(对比:1999 版工程师在 3.5 以外事项上"deemed to act for the Employer")。
7. 实务要点:① 记住费率顺位——合同约定→类似项→新费率(合理成本+合理利润),承包商索赔/新增项报价据此推导;② 费率未定时坚持要求工程师出 provisional rate,保期中现金流;③ 数量偏差是否超 10%(2017 触发线)决定能否议新费率,现场计量记录要双方签认,防止结算纠纷;④ 承包商不因工程师批准/未反对而免责,图纸、指示错误等自身责任仍自负;⑤ 谈 FIDIC 合同时区分 1999 与 2017 文本——2017 版工程师在商定/决定上中立、不得委托,与 1999 版"为业主行事"定位不同。
适用边界
- 通用条件可被专用条件(Particular Conditions)修改(条文均以 "Except as otherwise stated in the Contract / Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions" 开头)——具体项目以专用条件与合同协议为准。
- BOQ 数量为估计数量(2017 版 14.1:"quantities which may be set out in the Bill of Quantities... are estimated quantities"),不构成承包商实际应得的承诺。
- 本卡为红皮书(施工,按实计量合同)机制;黄皮书 3.1 条文相同框架(1999 版同有 no authority to amend the Contract;2017 版法人委任自然人、资质与语言要求),但黄皮书本身是设计-建造单价/总价混合,报价修正条款另见其 12.3 对应条文。EPC 银皮书(总价)计价机制不在本卡范围内。
- 1999 与 2017 差异已标注;引用条款时必须标明版本,两版条款措辞和部分编号(3.5→3.7)不同。
深入查阅
桌面语料原文出处:FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction, 1st Ed. 1999(红皮书)Sub-Clause 12.1 Works to be Measured / 12.3 Evaluation(含新费率推导与 provisional rate)/ 14.1 Contract Price / 14.6 Issue of Interim Payment Certificate / 14.7 Payment / 14.13 Issue of Final Payment Certificate / 3.2(工程师批准不免责);FIDIC 红皮书 2017 第 2 版 Sub-Clause 12.3 Valuation of the Works(bulking/shrinkage/waste、超 10% 触发线、无费率项已含他项)/ 14.1 / 3.7 Agreement or Determination(中立、不得委托);FIDIC 黄皮书 1999 第 3.1 条(no authority to amend the Contract)与 FIDIC Yellow Book 2017 2nd Ed. 3.1(Ben Beaumont 注释本:法人须委任自然人、资质经验与主导语言要求)。建议检索词:"FIDIC 12.3 Evaluation"、"provisional rate"、"Sub-Clause 3.5 Determinations"、"3.7 Agreement or Determination"、"re-measurement contract"。
关键词
- FIDIC
- 红皮书
- 黄皮书
- 工程师职责
- 计量
- 估价
- 合同价格
- 12.3 Evaluation
- 重新计量
- 费率
- provisional rate
- 商定或决定